{"id":1140,"date":"2020-10-04T17:27:50","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T15:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/blog\/glanz-und-elend-des-davidsterns\/"},"modified":"2023-01-26T16:23:05","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T15:23:05","slug":"glanz-und-elend-des-davidsterns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/glanz-und-elend-des-davidsterns\/","title":{"rendered":"Sple\u00adndor and mise\u00adry of the Star of David"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Man\u00adfred Gerber<\/div>\n

Sple\u00adndor and mise\u00adry of the Star of David<\/h1>\n

Out\u00adline of Wiesbaden\u2019s Jewish history<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Pro\u00adtec\u00adtion money and limi\u00adt\u00aded rights:
\nThe prehistory<\/h2>\n

Jews may have lived in Aquae Mat\u00adti\u00ada\u00adcorum, anci\u00adent Wies\u00adba\u00adden, alre\u00ada\u00addy in Roman times. The first Jew, named Kir\u00adsan, is men\u00adtio\u00adned in docu\u00adments from 1385. Later, it was always only indi\u00advi\u00addu\u00adal Jews who lived in Wies\u00adba\u00adden, unli\u00adke in Mainz, Worms and Spey\u00ader, whe\u00adre the\u00adre had been flou\u00adris\u00adhing Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties sin\u00adce Roman times and throug\u00adhout the Midd\u00adle Ages. In 1427 the\u00adre is a report of a Jew Geb\u00adhardt who owned a house near today\u2019s Michels\u00adberg. In 1518, the Jew Jakob from Nurem\u00adberg was men\u00adtio\u00adned in the records becau\u00adse he had to pay an annu\u00adal pro\u00adtec\u00adtion fee. In 1570 a Jew named Moses lived in the M\u00fchl\u00adgas\u00adse. At that time it was also known as \u201cJuden\u00adgas\u00adse\u201d. The name was later trans\u00adfer\u00adred to the Metz\u00adger\u00adgas\u00adse, today\u2019s Wage\u00admann\u00adstras\u00adse, whe\u00adre the\u00adre was also a \u201cJuden\u00adschu\u00adle\u201d. The\u00adre was never a ghet\u00adto in Wies\u00adba\u00adden. The few Jewish fami\u00adlies appar\u00adent\u00adly lived among the other citi\u00adzens, but with fewer rights. They were not allo\u00adwed to own land, belong to a craftsmen\u2019s guild, or per\u00adform mili\u00adta\u00adry ser\u00advice. In 1638, the Jew Nathan recei\u00adved per\u00admis\u00adsi\u00adon to sett\u00adle in Wies\u00adba\u00adden for one year. At that time, the buil\u00adding of a lar\u00adge syn\u00adago\u00adgue was still far away. Despi\u00adte the small num\u00adber of Jews, the Wies\u00adba\u00adden aut\u00adho\u00adri\u00adties repea\u00adted\u00adly recei\u00adved com\u00adplaints about the Jewish neighbors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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\"Der<\/a><\/div>

The pri\u00adde of the Jewish bour\u00adgeoi\u00adsie: the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg in 1869
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI  F000-3191)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

The syn\u00adago\u00adgue buil\u00adding in 1869: a sym\u00adbol of emancipation<\/h2>\n

The new syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg<\/a> was to beco\u00adme a pie\u00adce of Jeru\u00adsa\u00adlem in the midd\u00adle of Wies\u00adba\u00adden. The Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty had cho\u00adsen none other than the Nas\u00adsau court archi\u00adtect Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann (1806 \u2014 1889) to build it. Hoff\u00admann had alre\u00ada\u00addy desi\u00adgned the Roman Catho\u00adlic Boni\u00adfa\u00adti\u00adus\u00adkir\u00adche (1849) in the Lui\u00adsen\u00adplatz and the Rus\u00adsi\u00adan Church on the Ner\u00adoberg (1855) in Wies\u00adba\u00adden. That he should now also build the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was an expres\u00adsi\u00adon of the reli\u00adgious tole\u00adrance and the gene\u00adral\u00adly pre\u00advai\u00adling libe\u00adral atti\u00adtu\u00adde in the mid-19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry, a con\u00adse\u00adquence of the Enligh\u00adten\u00adment, and the French Revo\u00adlu\u00adti\u00adon with its pro\u00adcla\u00adma\u00adti\u00adon of human and civil rights.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann desi\u00adgned the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the ground plan of a Byzan\u00adti\u00adne cen\u00ad\u00ad\u00adtral-plan buil\u00adding. In doing so, he allu\u00added to the com\u00admon roots of Juda\u00adism and Chris\u00adtia\u00adni\u00adty. The buil\u00adding sequence of the new Wies\u00adba\u00adden hou\u00adses of wor\u00adship in the mid-19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry was a kind of Lessing\u2019s ring para\u00adble set in stone, so to speak. All reli\u00adgi\u00adons were to be trea\u00adted equal\u00adly. In 1864, the Angli\u00adcan Church in the Klei\u00adne Wil\u00adhelm\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe had been com\u00adple\u00adted. The dai\u00adly cont\u00adact with spa guests from Rus\u00adsia, Eng\u00adland and the USA ine\u00advi\u00adta\u00adb\u00adly led to Wiesbaden\u2019s cos\u00admo\u00adpo\u00adli\u00adta\u00adnism. With the com\u00adple\u00adti\u00adon of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue, anyo\u00adne loo\u00adking in the direc\u00adtion of the Michels\u00adberg could see it: The Jews were now reco\u00adgni\u00adzed citi\u00adzens of the city. The almost fairy-tale-like lar\u00adge oni\u00adon tower with its gol\u00adden stars on an azu\u00adre back\u00adground and the Star of David on the dome was visi\u00adble from afar. The syn\u00adago\u00adgue had beco\u00adme a new land\u00admark of Wiesbaden.<\/p>\n

The old syn\u00adago\u00adgue, built in 1826 in the Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher Stras\u00adse, soon show\u00aded signs of struc\u00adtu\u00adral defects. Rab\u00adbi Ben\u00adja\u00admin Hoch\u00adst\u00e4d\u00adter was an ear\u00adly advo\u00adca\u00adte for a new buil\u00adding, but the Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty did not go along.
\nFinal\u00adly, it beca\u00adme too cram\u00adped due to the fur\u00adther influx of Jews. The com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty grew from 200 mem\u00adbers in 1833 to 550 in 1863. As ear\u00adly as 1857, it had enough money to finan\u00adce a new buil\u00adding. The Nas\u00adsau buil\u00adding offi\u00adci\u00adals pro\u00adved unwil\u00adling and delay\u00aded the buil\u00adding per\u00admit. But then Duke Adolph is said to have inter\u00adven\u00aded and appro\u00adved the \u201crequest\u201d to build on a plot of land on the Michels\u00adberg. In 1862, Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann set to work. A year later he sub\u00admit\u00adted the first plans, whereu\u00adpon buil\u00adding per\u00admis\u00adsi\u00adon was granted.<\/p>\n

For the fur\u00adther deve\u00adlo\u00adp\u00adment of Jewish archi\u00adtec\u00adtu\u00adre in Ger\u00adma\u00adny, Gott\u00adfried Sem\u00adper (1803 \u2014 1879) had set the trend with his syn\u00adago\u00adgue in Dres\u00adden (1840). Sem\u00adper built it in the so-cal\u00ad\u00adled Moo\u00adrish style, with round arches as a design ele\u00adment. Moo\u00adrish was syn\u00adony\u00admous with ori\u00aden\u00adtal, and the Dome of the Rock was the topos for Jeru\u00adsa\u00adlem. The rock on which it stands, accor\u00adding to tra\u00addi\u00adti\u00adon, was the site of the burnt offe\u00adring in the Jewish temp\u00adle. On it, the foref\u00ada\u00adther Abra\u00adham is said to have sacri\u00adfi\u00adced a ram in place of his son Isaac. At any rate, Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann built on the Michels\u00adberg what the Ger\u00adman edu\u00adca\u00adted bour\u00adgeoi\u00adsie ima\u00adgi\u00adned to be a Solo\u00admo\u00adnic temp\u00adle. If Hoff\u00admann had loo\u00adked around St. Peters\u00adburg and Ita\u00adly for the con\u00ads\u00adtruc\u00adtion of the Rus\u00adsi\u00adan Church, this time he tra\u00adve\u00adled to Bad Cannstatt to be inspi\u00adred by a vil\u00adla that the archi\u00adtect Lud\u00adwig Zanth had built for King Wil\u00adhelm I of W\u00fcrttemberg.<\/p>\n

He also inspec\u00adted the new syn\u00adago\u00adgue in Colo\u00adgne (1861) by cathe\u00addral mas\u00ad\u00adter-buil\u00ad\u00adder Ernst Fried\u00adrich. It had also been built in the Moo\u00adrish style that had just beco\u00adme fashionable. The mour\u00adning hall at the Jewish ceme\u00adtery on Plat\u00adter Stras\u00adse (1891) was also built in this style.<\/p>\n

In the case of the synagogue\u2019s for\u00admer buil\u00adding in the Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher Stras\u00adse, the Nas\u00adsau sta\u00adte govern\u00adment had still sti\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adted that it should not be con\u00adspi\u00adcuous in the town\u00ads\u00adcape. \u201cThe sin\u00adging of the Jews would then be less of a nui\u00adsance to passers-by than if the syn\u00adago\u00adgue were in the \u2018street line\u2019,\u201d wro\u00adte buil\u00adding inspec\u00adtor Karl Fried\u00adrich Faber, who plan\u00adned the buil\u00adding. With this remark he pro\u00adba\u00adb\u00adly repre\u00adsen\u00adted the spi\u00adrit of his time. When in 1826 the syn\u00adago\u00adgue moved from its pre\u00adde\u00adces\u00adsor in the Obe\u00adre Weber\u00adgas\u00adse to the Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher Stra\u00ad\u00dfe and they wan\u00adted to car\u00adry the Torah scroll into the new syn\u00adago\u00adgue in a cere\u00admo\u00adni\u00adal pro\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adon, the Sta\u00adte Minis\u00adtry still brusque\u00adly rejec\u00adted the request: \u201cThe Jews are not allo\u00adwed any public rite at all, in that they do not enjoy the rights of a church, but are only tole\u00adra\u00adted in silence.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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The mas\u00adter buil\u00adder: Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann (1806 \u2014 1889)
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Archi\u00adve Wies\u00adba\u00adde\u00adner Kurier)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon with the syn\u00adago\u00adgue sin\u00adging socie\u00adty: Roy\u00adal visit to the Kurhaus<\/h2>\n

Things had chan\u00adged now, in the late 1860s. On the after\u00adnoon of August 13, 1869, a lar\u00adge con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon, about 500 peo\u00adp\u00adle, solemnly mar\u00adched up the Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher Street to the Michels\u00adberg with the Torah scrolls and songs of thanks\u00adgi\u00adving and prai\u00adse, the school youth lea\u00adding the way. They were fol\u00adlo\u00adwed by the bea\u00adrers of the Torah scrolls and white-clad girls with the syn\u00adago\u00adgue key. Among the par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpan\u00adts were mas\u00ad\u00adter-buil\u00ad\u00adder Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann, led by the community\u2019s board of direc\u00adtors and Rab\u00adbi Dr. Samu\u00adel S\u00fc\u00df\u00adkind at its head, as well as cler\u00adgy\u00admen of the various deno\u00admi\u00adna\u00adti\u00adons, such as the Pro\u00adtes\u00adtant Bishop Wil\u00adhelm Wil\u00adhel\u00admi, and repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adves of the civil and mili\u00adta\u00adry aut\u00adho\u00adri\u00adties. The new syn\u00adago\u00adgue had 500 seats. On the day of the con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adon, howe\u00adver, it could not even remo\u00adte\u00adly accom\u00admo\u00adda\u00adte the audi\u00adence. A huge crowd of spec\u00adta\u00adtors had lined up along the Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher Stras\u00adse and the Michelsberg.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was,\u201d repor\u00adted an eye\u00adwit\u00adness, \u201ca solemn moment when, to the sounds of the organ, the oldest mem\u00adbers of the con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon wal\u00adked through the new magni\u00adfi\u00adcent temp\u00adle with the Torah scrolls car\u00adri\u00aded over from the old syn\u00adago\u00adgue, when Rab\u00adbi S\u00fcss\u00adkind pla\u00adced them in the sacred ark and lit the eter\u00adnal lamp with the bene\u00addic\u00adtion.\u201d Sin\u00adging and organ play\u00ading began as the pro\u00adces\u00adsi\u00adon stro\u00adde into the syn\u00adago\u00adgue. This was fol\u00adlo\u00adwed by the can\u00adta\u00adta \u201cO how beau\u00adtiful are thy tents, Jacob!\u201d the Rhei\u00adni\u00adscher Kurier repor\u00adter wro\u00adte of the event.<\/p>\n

On the eve of the con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adon, even King Wil\u00adhelm of Prus\u00adsia, later Ger\u00adman Emper\u00ador Wil\u00adhelm I, came to the (old) Kur\u00adhaus to lis\u00adten to a con\u00adcert by the Syn\u00adago\u00adgue Sin\u00adging Socie\u00adty and in this way pay his respects to the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. The inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon cerem\u00ado\u00adny had been pre\u00adce\u00added by a fare\u00adwell ser\u00advice in the old synagogue.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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The 19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry: The long road to emancipation<\/h2>\n

The gra\u00addu\u00adal civic equa\u00adli\u00adty of Jews began in the Duchy of Nas\u00adsau, the new sta\u00adte of the Con\u00adfe\u00adde\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of the Rhi\u00adne, in 1806, when it abo\u00adlished the \u201cLeib\u00adzoll\u201d (poll tax) for Jews under the influence of Napo\u00adle\u00adon. In 1817 Nas\u00adsau was the first sta\u00adte in the Ger\u00adman Con\u00adfe\u00adde\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon to intro\u00addu\u00adce non-deno\u00ad\u00admi\u00adna\u00ad\u00adtio\u00adnal schools, and in 1819 com\u00adpul\u00adso\u00adry edu\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon for Jewish child\u00adren. In 1841, the Jewish pro\u00adtec\u00adtion money was abo\u00adlished. From 1842 on, the Jews of Nas\u00adsau were given sur\u00adna\u00admes. The next step was the intro\u00adduc\u00adtion of com\u00adpul\u00adso\u00adry mili\u00adta\u00adry ser\u00advice in 1846. The libe\u00adral spi\u00adrit of the revo\u00adlu\u00adti\u00adon of 1848\/49 cau\u00adsed a fur\u00adther push towards legal equa\u00adli\u00adty, in the wake of which fur\u00adther laws were for\u00admu\u00adla\u00adted in Nas\u00adsau for the equal rights of the Jews, even though the\u00adre were also pogroms against the Jewish popu\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon in rural are\u00adas at the same time. In 1852, the duchy was divi\u00added into 83 syn\u00adago\u00adgue dis\u00adtricts. And now, in 1869, the eman\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adti\u00adon of the Jews was unmist\u00adaka\u00adb\u00adly embo\u00addi\u00aded in the Wies\u00adba\u00adden city\u00adscape for all to see.<\/p>\n

The cen\u00adtral dome rose 35 meters high. A repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adve buil\u00adding in a pro\u00admi\u00adnent loca\u00adti\u00adon. A few years ear\u00adlier, Wiesbaden\u2019s Pro\u00adtes\u00adtants had still been con\u00adside\u00adring whe\u00adther to build a repla\u00adce\u00adment for the Mau\u00adri\u00adti\u00adus Church on the Michels\u00adberg, which had bur\u00adned down in 1850. They then deci\u00added on the site of today\u2019s Markt\u00adkir\u00adche (1862). The name Michels\u00adberg refers to St. Michael\u2019s Cha\u00adpel, which had stood in the ceme\u00adtery there.<\/p>\n

The new syn\u00adago\u00adgue was an urban enhance\u00adment with exci\u00adting new visu\u00adal per\u00adspe\u00adcit\u00adves. The synagogue\u2019s lar\u00adge oni\u00adon tower was in dia\u00adlo\u00adgue with the towers of the Pro\u00adtes\u00adtant Markt\u00adkir\u00adche and the Catho\u00adlic St. Boni\u00adfa\u00adti\u00adus\u00adkir\u00adche. At the same time, the syn\u00adago\u00adgue with its four small oni\u00adon domes refe\u00adren\u00adced the Rus\u00adsi\u00adan Church on the Neroberg.<\/p>\n

The design of the inte\u00adri\u00ador also fol\u00adlo\u00adwed the magni\u00adfi\u00adcent exte\u00adri\u00ador design. Thus, the dome of the three-nave syn\u00adago\u00adgue was deco\u00adra\u00adted with gild\u00aded stars on a blue back\u00adground. The four free-stan\u00ad\u00adding dome pil\u00adlars, the half-colum\u00adns and belt arches sho\u00adne with their lavish orna\u00admen\u00adtal deco\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon. The blue, gray, green and red deco\u00adra\u00adted walls crea\u00adted a sacred atmo\u00adsphe\u00adre. The light strea\u00adming in through the cen\u00adtral dome lent gran\u00addeur to the space. Through the small dome towers the women ascen\u00added to their gal\u00adlery, the rab\u00adbi rea\u00adched his room and the orga\u00adnist the organ. Howe\u00adver, the women were also allo\u00adwed to sit down\u00ads\u00adtairs with the men. The pul\u00adpit in front of the apse was made of Nas\u00adsau marb\u00adle. Oppo\u00adsi\u00adte it was the seven-bran\u00adched can\u00adde\u00adlabrum. Behind it, under a rich\u00adly deco\u00adra\u00adted cano\u00adpy, was the Holy of Holies, the Torah shri\u00adne. Its marb\u00adle colum\u00adns sup\u00adport\u00aded a gol\u00adden roof. Colo\u00adred light ente\u00adred through a round win\u00addow and out\u00adsho\u00adne the holy pre\u00adcinct. The cano\u00adpy had simi\u00adla\u00adri\u00adties with the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Ora\u00adni\u00aden\u00adbur\u00adger Stras\u00adse in Ber\u00adlin, which was inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adted in 1858. Phil\u00adipp Hoff\u00admann had mas\u00adterful\u00adly sol\u00adved the pro\u00adblem of crea\u00adting an impo\u00adsing struc\u00adtu\u00adre on the rela\u00adtively small buil\u00adding site. The Star of David not only sho\u00adne abo\u00adve the main dome, it ran as a motif through the enti\u00adre buil\u00adding, its ground plan and its facades.<\/p>\n

With the Reich Con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adti\u00adon of 1871, Ger\u00adman Jews beca\u00adme equal citi\u00adzens in the then new\u00adly crea\u00adted empire. Legal secu\u00adri\u00adty and a good mea\u00adsu\u00adre of free\u00addom enab\u00adled them to rise soci\u00adal\u00adly into the bour\u00adgeoi\u00adsie. In Wies\u00adba\u00adden, many Jews work\u00aded as respec\u00adted doc\u00adtors and lawy\u00aders. Salo\u00admon Herx\u00adhei\u00admer (1842 \u2014 1899), for exam\u00adp\u00adle, was a spe\u00adcia\u00adlist in skin dise\u00ada\u00adses. His brot\u00adher Karl Herx\u00adhei\u00admer (1861 \u2014 1942) was direc\u00adtor of the Muni\u00adci\u00adpal Skin Cli\u00adnic, Pri\u00advy Coun\u00adcil\u00adlor of Medi\u00adci\u00adne and bea\u00adrer of the Iron Cross on the White Rib\u00adbon. Ben\u00adja\u00admin Wolff (1845 \u2014 1892), a mem\u00adber of the Old-srae\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adte Reli\u00adgious Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, was the first Jewish city coun\u00adcil\u00ador in Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Later, in the 1920s, the con\u00adduc\u00adtor Otto Klem\u00adpe\u00adrer and the com\u00adpo\u00adser Ernst Kre\u00adnek, the music direc\u00adtor Otto Rosen\u00adstock and the ope\u00adra sin\u00adger Alex\u00adan\u00adder Kip\u00adnis work\u00aded at the Wies\u00adba\u00adden Music Thea\u00adter. Under the direc\u00adtor\u00adship of Paul Bek\u00adker, the musi\u00adcal life of the spa town enjoy\u00aded an excel\u00adlent inter\u00adna\u00adtio\u00adnal repu\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon, also thanks to other num\u00ade\u00adrous Jewish artists who lived at least tem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00ada\u00adri\u00adly in Wiesbaden.<\/p>\n

Otto Klem\u00adpe\u00adrer, a nati\u00adve of Bres\u00adlau, was one of the most important con\u00adduc\u00adtors of the 20th cen\u00adtu\u00adry and was Wiesbaden\u2019s Gene\u00adral Music Direc\u00adtor from 1924 to 1927 under mana\u00adger Carl Hage\u00admann. Paul Bek\u00adker was gene\u00adral direc\u00adtor of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden Thea\u00adter from 1927 to 1932 and included quite a few con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adry works in his reper\u00adtoire. Wies\u00adba\u00adden owes to him the revi\u00adval of the May Fes\u00adti\u00adval, form\u00ader\u00adly the Kai\u00adser Fes\u00adti\u00adval, in 1928. Alt\u00adhough the artists were not part of the core of the Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, they con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adted to the pres\u00adti\u00adge of Jewish Wies\u00adba\u00adden residents.<\/p>\n

Among the Jewish per\u00adso\u00adna\u00adli\u00adties of the city was the edi\u00ad\u00adtor-in-chief of the Wies\u00adba\u00adde\u00adner Tag\u00adblatt, Her\u00admann Lekisch, who also wro\u00adte plays on the side. The libe\u00adral-min\u00ad\u00added jour\u00adna\u00adlist was dis\u00admissed in 1933.<\/p>\n

Tog\u00ade\u00adther with his sis\u00adter Emmy, he was depor\u00adted to Sobi\u00adbor in June 1942 and mur\u00adde\u00adred in the gas cham\u00adber. Sin\u00adce Octo\u00adber 2010, Her\u00admann Lekisch has been com\u00adme\u00admo\u00adra\u00adted by a \u201cstumb\u00adling stone\u201d in front of the Pres\u00adse\u00adhaus at Lang\u00adgas\u00adse 21.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Domes and towers: syn\u00adago\u00adgue with Markt\u00adkir\u00adche in the background.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI F000-5241)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Typi\u00adcal Hoff\u00admann: round arches also on the inside.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI F000-481)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Gesta\u00adpo file card of Her\u00admann Lekisch. Last cyni\u00adcal ent\u00adry: 10.06.42: Evacua\u00adted to the East.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. StadtA WI NL 210 Nr. 1)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Libe\u00adral Judaism<\/h2>\n

It was also bour\u00adgeois libe\u00adral Juda\u00adism that shaped the spi\u00adrit of the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. Here Abra\u00adham Gei\u00adger (1810 \u2014 1874) play\u00aded a decisi\u00adve role. Alt\u00adhough he did not accom\u00adpa\u00adny the buil\u00adding of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue as rab\u00adbi, as it was not built until after his depar\u00adtu\u00adre from Wies\u00adba\u00adden, his ide\u00adas and impul\u00adses con\u00adtin\u00adued to have an effect on the community.<\/p>\n

Fol\u00adlo\u00adwing Moses Men\u00addels\u00adsohn (1729 \u2014 1786), Gei\u00adger tried to recon\u00adci\u00adle the new fin\u00addings from sci\u00adence and tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgy with religion\u2014reason and faith\u2014much like the theo\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00adans Fried\u00adrich Schlei\u00ader\u00adma\u00adcher (1768 \u2014 1834) and Albrecht Rit\u00adschl (1822 \u2014 1889) on the Pro\u00adtes\u00adtant side. During his time in Wies\u00adba\u00adden, Abra\u00adham Gei\u00adger published the \u201cZeit\u00adschrift f\u00fcr j\u00fcdi\u00adsche Theo\u00adlo\u00adgie\u201d (\u201cJour\u00adnal of Jewish Theo\u00adlo\u00adgy\u201d). Becau\u00adse the duke refu\u00adsed him the posi\u00adti\u00adon of sta\u00adte rab\u00adbi, he final\u00adly saw no fur\u00adther pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adty for effec\u00adti\u00adve acti\u00advi\u00adty in Wies\u00adba\u00adden and went to Bres\u00adlau in 1838, later to Frank\u00adfurt am Main and final\u00adly to Ber\u00adlin, whe\u00adre he taught at the Hoch\u00adschu\u00adle f\u00fcr Wis\u00adsen\u00adschaft des Juden\u00adtums (Col\u00adlege for the Sci\u00adence of Juda\u00adism) from 1872. The con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adon of the new syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg was then per\u00adfor\u00admed by Rab\u00adbi Dr. Samu\u00adel S\u00fc\u00df\u00adkind, who held his office in Wies\u00adba\u00adden from 1844 to 1884. The intellec\u00adtu\u00adal ground\u00adwork for the syn\u00adago\u00adgue buil\u00adding, which was con\u00adside\u00adred pro\u00adgres\u00adsi\u00adve by the stan\u00addards of the time, was done by reli\u00adgious scho\u00adlars such as Abra\u00adham Gei\u00adger. And Gei\u00adger did not miss the oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty to be pre\u00adsent at the dedi\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden synagogue.<\/p>\n

Anti-Semi\u00ad\u00adtism was far less pro\u00adno\u00adun\u00adced in the \u201cspa and tou\u00adrist town\u201d of Wies\u00adba\u00adden in the 19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry than in some other small towns. Howe\u00adver, with the influx of most\u00adly poorer and Ortho\u00ad\u00addox-ori\u00aden\u00ad\u00adted Jews from Rus\u00adsia at the begin\u00adning of the 20th cen\u00adtu\u00adry, most of whom sett\u00adled in the West\u00adend, ten\u00adsi\u00adons grew among Wiesbaden\u2019s Jews. Con\u00adflicts aro\u00adse bet\u00adween rich and poor, bet\u00adween \u201cEas\u00adtern Jews\u201d and estab\u00adlished citi\u00adzens, some of whom wan\u00adted not\u00adhing to do with the pen\u00adni\u00adless new\u00adco\u00admers; ten\u00adsi\u00adons also aro\u00adse bet\u00adween Ortho\u00addox and libe\u00adral deno\u00admi\u00adna\u00adti\u00adons. In 1925, about three per\u00adcent of Wiesbaden\u2019s popu\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon were Jews, and about a third came from Eas\u00adtern Euro\u00adpe. Espe\u00adci\u00adal\u00adly in the after\u00admath of the pogroms in Rus\u00adsia in the years 1903 to 1906, to which more than 2,000 peo\u00adp\u00adle had fal\u00adlen vic\u00adtim, many Jews from the East flo\u00adcked to Wes\u00adtern Europe.<\/p>\n

The\u00adre were also ten\u00adsi\u00adons, howe\u00adver, becau\u00adse the out\u00adward appearance of the Eas\u00adtern Jews ran coun\u00adter to the efforts of Ger\u00adman Jews to con\u00adform in the peri\u00adod befo\u00adre the First World War.<\/p>\n

Jewish busi\u00adnesses were a natu\u00adral part of Wiesbaden\u2019s city\u00adscape in the ear\u00adly 20th cen\u00adtu\u00adry. In the West\u00adend, for exam\u00adp\u00adle, Ephra\u00adim Tie\u00adfen\u00adbrun\u00adner owned a store at Herr\u00admann\u00adstras\u00adse 3. He sold kos\u00adher sau\u00adsa\u00adge, which he obtai\u00adned via over\u00adnight express from a Ber\u00adlin slaugh\u00adter\u00adhouse. His com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adtor was Isaak Alt\u00admann at Hele\u00adnen\u00adstras\u00adse 33. Bet\u00adween 1905 and 1928, many Jews from East Cen\u00adtral Euro\u00adpe also flo\u00adcked to Wies\u00adba\u00adden, espe\u00adci\u00adal\u00adly from Polish Gali\u00adcia, which had belon\u00adged to Aus\u00ad\u00ad\u00adtria-Hun\u00ad\u00adga\u00adry until 1919. Many who lived in the West\u00adend bet\u00adween Schwal\u00adba\u00adcher\u00adstras\u00adse and Scharn\u00adhorst\u00adstras\u00adse, Emser\u00adstras\u00adse, Bert\u00adram\u00adstras\u00adse and Goe\u00adben\u00adstras\u00adse were rela\u00adted to each other. They spo\u00adke Yid\u00addish, a lan\u00adguage simi\u00adlar to Midd\u00adle High Ger\u00adman with Sla\u00advic and Hebrew ele\u00adments and Hebrew wri\u00adting. Even though they for\u00admal\u00adly belon\u00adged to the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty on the Michels\u00adberg, they had their own pray\u00ader hou\u00adses, cal\u00adled \u201cStibl\u201d in Yid\u00addish. About 25 fami\u00adlies coun\u00adted them\u00adsel\u00adves among the par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar\u00adly pious Hasidim.<\/p>\n

One of the suc\u00adcessful Wies\u00adba\u00adden busi\u00adnesses was run by the Jewish fac\u00adto\u00adry owner Dr. Leo\u00adpold Kat\u00adzen\u00adstein. Born in Thu\u00adrin\u00adgia, the doc\u00adtor ran the \u201cPhar\u00admaceu\u00adti\u00adcal Indus\u00adtry Dr. Kat\u00adzen\u00adstein\u201d in Erben\u00adheim. The \u201cchildren\u2019s risi\u00adnet\u00adtes\u201d (cold pills) they pro\u00addu\u00adced were useful against pha\u00adryn\u00adge\u00adal , laryn\u00adge\u00adal and bron\u00adchi\u00adal catarrh. Leo\u00adpold Kat\u00adzen\u00adstein was mur\u00adde\u00adred in Sach\u00adsen\u00adhau\u00adsen con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp, his wife Doro\u00adthea in Auschwitz.<\/p>\n

Jewish Wies\u00adba\u00adden was a diver\u00adse cos\u00admos. Its social spec\u00adtrum ran\u00adged from the incon\u00adspi\u00adcuous poor employee with no inco\u00adme to the respec\u00adted upper middle-class.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Reform Juda\u00adism and Old-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adtes: The schism<\/h2>\n

The lit\u00adur\u00adgi\u00adcal rappro\u00adche\u00adment with the Chris\u00adti\u00adan rite through the \u201corgan syn\u00adago\u00adgue\u201d on the Michels\u00adberg, howe\u00adver, was too much reform and adapt\u00ada\u00adti\u00adon for the (religious-)law-abiding among the con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon mem\u00adbers. From the point of view of the \u201cpious\u201d, the \u201clibe\u00adrals\u201d had moved too far away from the foref\u00ada\u00adthers. The Ortho\u00addox dis\u00adap\u00adpro\u00adved of both the instal\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon of an organ and the exis\u00adtence of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue sin\u00adging socie\u00adty, foun\u00added in 1863, in which women were also allo\u00adwed to par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adte, and insis\u00adted on a clear sepa\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon from the Chris\u00ad\u00adti\u00adan-influen\u00ad\u00adced envi\u00adron\u00adment. The fact that the libe\u00adrals no lon\u00adger obser\u00adved the rules of Shab\u00adbat also met with dis\u00adap\u00adpr\u00adoval. In 1878, about 40 fami\u00adlies left the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty and foun\u00added the Old-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adte Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty (Alt-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adti\u00ad\u00adsche Kul\u00adtus\u00adge\u00admein\u00adde). One of the first \u201cwith\u00addra\u00adwal com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties\u201d in Prus\u00adsia, it built its own syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe, which was inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adted in 1897. Here the ser\u00advice was again orga\u00adni\u00adzed accor\u00adding to the (religious-)law-abiding tradition.<\/p>\n

For half a cen\u00adtu\u00adry, from 1876 to 1925, Rab\u00adbi Dr. Leo Kahn (1888 \u2014 1951) shaped the reli\u00adgious life of the Old-Israelites.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe first thing I need is a mik\u00advah,\u201d Kahn, who came from Sulz\u00adburg in Baden, is said to have said upon his arri\u00adval in Wiesbaden.<\/p>\n

For the\u00adre was no lon\u00adger a ritu\u00adal bath in the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg. So the Ortho\u00addox Jews revi\u00adved the old mik\u00advah at Spie\u00adgel\u00adgas\u00adse 9. Today, this buil\u00adding hou\u00adses the Paris Court Thea\u00adter and the Spie\u00adgel\u00adgas\u00adse Acti\u00adve Muse\u00adum of Ger\u00ad\u00adman-Jewish Histo\u00adry. Of Kahn\u2019s suc\u00adces\u00adsor, Dr. Jonas Ans\u00adba\u00adcher (1879 \u2014 1967), who came from Nurem\u00adberg, the state\u00adment has come down to us that Kahn \u201cpro\u00adtec\u00adted his con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon like an eagle pro\u00adtects its nest\u201d, in deep pie\u00adty, gre\u00adat eru\u00addi\u00adtion and stun\u00adning elo\u00adquence. Ans\u00adba\u00adcher was rab\u00adbi of the Alt-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adti\u00ad\u00adsche Kul\u00adtus\u00adge\u00admein\u00adde from 1925 until the end of 1938. He was tem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00ada\u00adri\u00adly inter\u00adned in the Buchen\u00adwald con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp. In 1939 he mana\u00adged to escape to Eng\u00adland. From 1941 to 1955 he was rab\u00adbi at a syn\u00adago\u00adgue in London.<\/p>\n

Paul Laza\u00adrus (1888 \u2014 1951), the rab\u00adbi of the Israe\u00adli\u00adte Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, attes\u00adted of him: \u201cFrom the intr\u00adepid figh\u00adter in his ear\u00adly ten\u00adure, he had beco\u00adme the sym\u00adbol of peaceful coexis\u00adtence bet\u00adween the two com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties.\u201d Kahn died at the bibli\u00adcal age of 94, high\u00adly respec\u00adted by Jews and Chris\u00adti\u00adans ali\u00adke. On his tomb\u00adstone, two bles\u00adsing hands attest to his des\u00adcent from the Jewish priestly lineage.<\/p>\n

Paul Laza\u00adrus was a bridge-buil\u00ad\u00adder: bet\u00adween ortho\u00addox and libe\u00adral, poor and rich Jews. He was par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar\u00adly com\u00admit\u00adted to the inte\u00adgra\u00adti\u00adon of Eas\u00adtern Jews and to wel\u00adfa\u00adre work. After Jewish child\u00adren were no lon\u00adger allo\u00adwed to attend public schools during the Natio\u00adnal Socia\u00adlist dic\u00adta\u00adtor\u00adship, he saw to the estab\u00adlish\u00adment of the school in the Main\u00adzer Stras\u00adse, which ope\u00adned in 1936.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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The rab\u00adbi of the Old-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adte Community:
\nDr. Elie\u00adzer Leo Lip\u00adman Kahn
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Miri\u00adam Krai\u00adsel, grand\u00add\u00adaugh\u00adter of Rab\u00adbi Dr. Kahn)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Rab\u00adbi Dr. Elie\u00adzer Leo Lip\u00adman Kahn with his family
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Miri\u00adam Krai\u00adsel, grand\u00add\u00adaugh\u00adter of Rab\u00adbi Dr. Kahn)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Kahn\u2019s suc\u00adces\u00adsor: Rab\u00adbi Dr. Jonas Ansbacher
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Acti\u00adve Muse\u00adum Spiegelgasse)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Visi\u00adtors from all over the world: The Jewish cemeteries<\/h2>\n

In 1750, the first Jewish ceme\u00adtery<\/a> was estab\u00adlished on the Kuh\u00adberg in the Idstei\u00adner Stra\u00ad\u00dfe, today Sch\u00f6\u00adne Aus\u00adsicht. Until then, Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews had been buried in Wehen. From 1750 on, the area on the Kuh\u00adberg was also the buri\u00adal place for the sur\u00adroun\u00adding com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties. In 1883, among others, Ephra\u00adim Ben Abra\u00adham Sch\u00f6n\u00adber\u00adger was buried here. His gra\u00adves\u00adtone reads, \u201cHe was a respec\u00adted and God-fea\u00adring man with all his heart.\u201d The Duke\u2019s Pri\u00advy Coun\u00adcil\u00adlor of Com\u00admer\u00adce Mar\u00adcus Ber\u00adl\u00e9, who had made it from gla\u00adzier to foun\u00adder of a suc\u00adcessful ban\u00adking house and was a gre\u00adat sup\u00adport\u00ader of the Michels\u00adberg syn\u00adago\u00adgue, may have been at least as respec\u00adted. In 1890 the ceme\u00adtery on the Kuh\u00adberg was clo\u00adsed. But to this day peo\u00adp\u00adle from Isra\u00adel, the USA and all over the world still come here to visit the gra\u00adves of their ancestors.<\/p>\n

After the Old-Israe\u00ad\u00adli\u00ad\u00adte Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty was foun\u00added, it estab\u00adlished its own ceme\u00adtery on Hell\u00adkund\u00adweg in 1877. Due to the clo\u00adsure of the area at the \u201cSch\u00f6\u00adne Aus\u00adsicht\u201d, the ceme\u00adtery in the Plat\u00adter Stra\u00ad\u00dfe was inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adted in 1891 for the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, both in the imme\u00addia\u00adte vici\u00adni\u00adty of the Chris\u00adti\u00adan North Ceme\u00adtery. Among others, the actress at the Wies\u00adba\u00adden thea\u00adter Lui\u00adse Wolff (d. 1917) and the depart\u00adment store foun\u00adder Juli\u00adus Bacha\u00adrach (d. 1922) are buried at Hell\u00adkund\u00adweg. Today\u2019s Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty buries its dead in the ceme\u00adtery in the Plat\u00adter Stras\u00adse. Jewish ceme\u00adter\u00adies also exist in the sub\u00adurbs of Bier\u00adstadt, Schier\u00adstein and Bie\u00adbrich, as well as in Wal\u00adluf. But they are no lon\u00adger used.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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The bles\u00adsing hands of the Koh\u00adanim \u2014 the priestly tri\u00adbe \u2014 on a gravestone.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Pho\u00adto\u00adgrapher: Igor Eisenschtat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Bet\u00adween Inte\u00adgra\u00adti\u00adon and Inci\u00adte\u00adment: Jewry bet\u00adween the Wars<\/h2>\n

The peri\u00adod bet\u00adween the world wars, during the Wei\u00admar Repu\u00adblic, was ambi\u00adva\u00adlent for Wiesbaden\u2019s Jews. On the one hand, Germany\u2019s defeat in the war of 1918 and the eco\u00adno\u00admic hard\u00adship that fol\u00adlo\u00adwed cau\u00adsed a new, inten\u00adsi\u00adfy\u00ading anti-Semi\u00ad\u00adtism; on the other hand, the\u00adre were plans in Wies\u00adba\u00adden to crea\u00adte a modern Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty cen\u00adter at today\u2019s Platz der deut\u00adschen Ein\u00adheit and to fur\u00adther integration.<\/p>\n

Eco\u00adno\u00admic decli\u00adne, the pro\u00advi\u00adsi\u00adons of the Ver\u00adsailles Peace Trea\u00adty (1919), which were per\u00adcei\u00adved as extre\u00adme\u00adly unjust, and the humi\u00adlia\u00adti\u00adon inflic\u00adted by French occu\u00adpa\u00adti\u00adon forces also fos\u00adte\u00adred an anti-Jewish cli\u00adma\u00adte in Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Once again, Jews had to be used as scape\u00adgoats. Right-wing extre\u00admists in par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar por\u00adtray\u00aded Jews as respon\u00adsi\u00adble for the defeat of the Ger\u00adman Reich in World War I and inci\u00adted against them in the same breath as the \u201cNovem\u00adber cri\u00admi\u00adnals.\u201d This refer\u00adred to the \u201cWei\u00admar par\u00adties\u201d SPD and USPD, the libe\u00adral Ger\u00adman Demo\u00adcra\u00adtic Par\u00adty (DDP) and the Catho\u00adlic Cen\u00adter. Exem\u00adpla\u00adry for the patrio\u00adtism of Ger\u00adman Jewry was Wal\u00adter Rathen\u00adau (DDP), who as Minis\u00adter of Recon\u00ads\u00adtruc\u00adtion in 1921 pushed through repa\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon reli\u00adef against France in the \u201cWies\u00adba\u00adden Agree\u00adment.\u201d In 1922, Rathen\u00adau was ass\u00adas\u00adsi\u00adna\u00adted in Ber\u00adlin by right-wing enemies of the Republic.<\/p>\n

The eco\u00adno\u00admic cri\u00adses of the 1920s also took their toll on the pre\u00advious\u00adly pro\u00adspe\u00adrous Jews of Wies\u00adba\u00adden. In 1922, the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty set up a \u201cmid\u00add\u00ad\u00adle-class kit\u00adchen\u201d for its impo\u00adve\u00adris\u00adhed mem\u00adbers, fol\u00adlo\u00adwed in 1924 by the con\u00ads\u00adtruc\u00adtion of an \u201cIsrae\u00adli\u00adte old people\u2019s home\u201d at Geis\u00adberg\u00adstras\u00adse 24. A \u201cwel\u00adfa\u00adre cen\u00adter\u201d based on the model of the Inner Mis\u00adsi\u00adon had alre\u00ada\u00addy exis\u00adted sin\u00adce 1917. An asso\u00adcia\u00adti\u00adon for Jewish vaca\u00adti\u00adon colo\u00adnies made it pos\u00adsi\u00adble for child\u00adren of desti\u00adtu\u00adte par\u00adents to spend recrea\u00adtio\u00adnal time in the countryside.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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The dark Novem\u00adber night of 1938: A tra\u00adge\u00addy in five acts<\/h2>\n

The tra\u00adge\u00addy of Novem\u00adber 10, 1938, in which SA and par\u00adty squads des\u00adtroy\u00aded the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg, can, in retro\u00ads\u00adpect, be divi\u00added into five acts.<\/p>\n

Act I, on the evening of Novem\u00adber 9: Reich Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda Minis\u00adter Joseph Goeb\u00adbels takes the attack by the Jew Her\u00adschel Gr\u00fcn\u00adspan on the diplo\u00admat Ernst vom Rath in Paris on Novem\u00adber 7 as an oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty to issue ins\u00adtruc\u00adtions to the par\u00adty bran\u00adches for a \u201cspon\u00adta\u00adneous\u201d reac\u00adtion. NSDAP and SA men dres\u00adsed in civi\u00adli\u00adan clo\u00adthes ente\u00adred the Wies\u00adba\u00adden syn\u00adago\u00adgue at night. They threw the Torah scrolls into the air, tore up pray\u00ader books, sto\u00adle what they thought was somehow valuable, and set fire to the synagogue.<\/p>\n

Act Two: Around 4 o\u2019clock in the mor\u00adning, the fire depart\u00adment arri\u00adved and began to extin\u00adgu\u00adish, pro\u00adba\u00adb\u00adly due to misunderstandings.<\/p>\n

Third act: Around 6 o\u2019clock, a Nazi com\u00adman\u00addo appeared again, again in plain clo\u00adthes, to feign spon\u00adta\u00adn\u00adei\u00adty; in rea\u00adli\u00adty, the ins\u00adtruc\u00adtions had come from Ber\u00adlin. Using acce\u00adle\u00adrants, the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was set on fire again. This time the fire depart\u00adment had appar\u00adent\u00adly recei\u00adved clear ins\u00adtruc\u00adtions from the par\u00adty: Pro\u00adtect only the neigh\u00adbor\u00ading buil\u00addings. The poli\u00adce stood idly by. This is how Georg Buch (1903 \u2014 1995), the later SPD mayor of Wies\u00adba\u00adden, descri\u00adbed the events of the night.<\/p>\n

Fourth act: Around 8 o\u2019clock, a crowd gathe\u00adred at the Michels\u00adberg. Some were armed with axes and crow\u00adbars. They smas\u00adhed the ben\u00adches in two and piled them up into a pyra\u00admid. Appar\u00adent\u00adly, the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was not bur\u00adning fast enough for them. They dou\u00adsed the woo\u00adden pyra\u00admid with gaso\u00adli\u00adne and set it on fire. The buil\u00adding was now abla\u00adze. The fla\u00admes also spread to the neigh\u00adbor\u00ading com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty cen\u00adter. The fire was still smol\u00adde\u00adring in the after\u00adnoon of Novem\u00adber 10. No one pro\u00adtes\u00adted, at least not publicly. Accor\u00adding to wit\u00adnesses, passers\u00adby were as sho\u00adcked as they were silent.<\/p>\n

Act Five: In the after\u00adnoon, around 2 p.m., the dome collapsed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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A prey to the fla\u00admes: the syn\u00adago\u00adgue at noon on Novem\u00adber 10, 1938.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: HHStAW Best. 3008,1,1, 3997)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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In blind zeal: the mob rages in the stores<\/h2>\n

While the syn\u00adago\u00adgue bur\u00adned, Jewish stores in the city cen\u00adter were demo\u00adlished. Among many others, the hat store Ull\u00admann, the wine store Simon and the jewel\u00adry store Hei\u00admer\u00addin\u00adger, in addi\u00adti\u00adon to the fashion store for children\u2019s clot\u00adhing Baum in the Weber\u00adgas\u00adse, the per\u00adfu\u00adme\u00adry Albers\u00adheim and the shoe store Mesch. The com\u00adpa\u00adny Salberg\u2014glass and crystals\u2014at the ent\u00adrance of the Lang\u00adgas\u00adse was also atta\u00adcked. A few hou\u00adses fur\u00adther on, the rio\u00adters hur\u00adled shoes indis\u00adcri\u00admi\u00adna\u00adte\u00adly onto the street from a shoe store.<\/p>\n

The devas\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon always fol\u00adlo\u00adwed the same pat\u00adtern: the des\u00adtruc\u00adtion squads smas\u00adhed win\u00addows and doors, then demo\u00adlished the stores and threw the mer\u00adchan\u00addi\u00adse onto the street. \u201cGer\u00admans do not buy in Jewish stores,\u201d was writ\u00adten on the card\u00adboard signs that SA squads hung on the hou\u00adses. In blind zeal they smas\u00adhed the win\u00addows of the Jewish stores. Not\u00adhing was seen of the police.<\/p>\n

The apart\u00adment and office of the lawy\u00ader Bert\u00adhold Gut\u00adh\u00admann were also van\u00adda\u00adli\u00adzed. \u201cThe peo\u00adp\u00adle threw the files out the win\u00addow, des\u00adtroy\u00aded the fur\u00adni\u00adtu\u00adre and smas\u00adhed win\u00addow panes,\u201d sta\u00adted an indict\u00adment filed with the Wies\u00adba\u00adden Regio\u00adnal Court in 1950. Gut\u00adh\u00admann was arres\u00adted and taken to the Buchen\u00adwald con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp, whe\u00adre he was held for six weeks and sever\u00adely maltrea\u00adted. After his release, he retur\u00adned to Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Here he took over the pre\u00adsi\u00adden\u00adcy of the Jewish \u201cEin\u00adheits\u00adge\u00admein\u00adde\u201d (unity com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty) and hel\u00adped many com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty mem\u00adbers to emi\u00adgra\u00adte. He hims\u00adelf stay\u00aded until he was for\u00adci\u00adb\u00adly trans\u00adfer\u00adred to Frank\u00adfurt in Novem\u00adber 1942, from whe\u00adre he was final\u00adly depor\u00adted and mur\u00adde\u00adred in Ausch\u00adwitz in 1944. He had alre\u00ada\u00addy lost his licen\u00adse to prac\u00adti\u00adce law in 1933. In World War I, Bert\u00adhold Gut\u00adh\u00admann had been a flight lieu\u00adten\u00adant and award\u00aded the Iron Cross. Gut\u00adh\u00admann did not take oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adties to bring hims\u00adelf and his fami\u00adly to safe\u00adty abroad. As a mem\u00adber of the board of the Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty and repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adve of the \u201cReich Asso\u00adcia\u00adti\u00adon of Jews in Ger\u00adma\u00adny,\u201d he remain\u00aded with his com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, who\u00adse mem\u00adbers he sup\u00adport\u00aded to the best of his abili\u00adty until the last major depor\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon in 1942. Gut\u00adh\u00admann was forced to coope\u00adra\u00adte in the dis\u00adso\u00adlu\u00adti\u00adon of the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty and the \u201cReichs\u00adver\u00adei\u00adni\u00adgung\u201d (Reich Asso\u00adcia\u00adti\u00adon of Jews in Ger\u00adma\u00adny). He also had to com\u00adpi\u00adle the lists for the deportations.<\/p>\n

In the famous store for ladies\u2019 fashions of Carl Bacha\u00adrach (1869 \u2014 1938) in Weber\u00adgas\u00adse 2 \u2014 4 even Kai\u00adser Wil\u00adhelm II had once been a cus\u00adto\u00admer. The busi\u00adness\u00adman and his wife Anna were arres\u00adted in March 1939.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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The remains of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue des\u00adtroy\u00aded during the Novem\u00adber pogroms are demolished.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: HHStAW Best. 3008,1,1,4000)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Carl Bacha\u00adrach died in the remand pri\u00adson in the Albrecht\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe. Bacharach\u2019s house at Alex\u00adand\u00adra\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe 6 \u2014 8 was one of a total of 42 \u201cJewish hou\u00adses\u201d in which Wiesbaden\u2019s Jewish popu\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon was iso\u00adla\u00adted from the begin\u00adning of the war. In 1943, the last Jewish hou\u00adses were dissolved.<\/p>\n

For months, the ruins of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg bore wit\u00adness to the atro\u00adci\u00adty. It was not until the sum\u00admer of 1939 that it was final\u00adly demo\u00adlished. Final\u00adly, in 1950, the base of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was demo\u00adlished and the Coulin\u00adstras\u00adse was widen\u00aded. Now not\u00adhing remin\u00added one of the for\u00admer loca\u00adti\u00adon of the synagogue.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Last remains dis\u00adap\u00adpear: Demo\u00adli\u00adti\u00adon of the base of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue on the Michels\u00adberg in 1950.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Wil\u00adli Rudolph, \u00a9 Richard Rudolph)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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The rub\u00adble of the sub\u00adurbs: Five syn\u00adago\u00adgues dese\u00adcra\u00adted in Wiesbaden.<\/h2>\n

Five syn\u00adago\u00adgues were dese\u00adcra\u00adted and rui\u00adned by the Nazi des\u00adtruc\u00adtion squads in Wies\u00adba\u00adden on Novem\u00adber 9\/10, 1938: two in the city cen\u00adter (Michels\u00adberg and Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe) and the syn\u00adago\u00adgues in Bier\u00adstadt (built in 1827), Schier\u00adstein (1858) and Bie\u00adbrich (1860). In the case of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe, arson was not used, pro\u00adba\u00adb\u00adly becau\u00adse the\u00adre was a dan\u00adger of the fla\u00admes spre\u00ada\u00adding to neigh\u00adbor\u00ading hou\u00adses. The Natio\u00adnal Socia\u00adlists also ram\u00adpa\u00adged in the small pray\u00ader house at Bl\u00fc\u00adcher\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe 6, whe\u00adre the Ortho\u00addox Eas\u00adtern Jews from the neigh\u00adbor\u00adhood gathe\u00adred, but no fires were set the\u00adre, pre\u00adsu\u00adma\u00adb\u00adly becau\u00adse of the cram\u00adped con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adons of the buil\u00adding. The syn\u00adago\u00adgue in Bie\u00adbrich, which was also demo\u00adlished in 1938, fell vic\u00adtim to a bom\u00adbing raid during the war. The ruins of the Bier\u00adstadt syn\u00adago\u00adgue were demo\u00adlished in 1971.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Stan\u00adding like this until 1967: the ruins of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in Schierstein.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI F000-3361)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Orde\u00adred in Ber\u00adlin: An orga\u00adni\u00adzed sta\u00adte crime<\/h2>\n

For Reich Pro\u00adpa\u00adgan\u00adda Minis\u00adter Joseph Goeb\u00adbels, the ass\u00adas\u00adsi\u00adna\u00adti\u00adon of Ernst vom Rath in Paris was a wel\u00adco\u00adme oppor\u00adtu\u00adni\u00adty to herald a new stage in the per\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adti\u00adon of Ger\u00adman Jews. Wit\u00adhout even men\u00adtio\u00adning the bur\u00adning of the syn\u00adago\u00adgues, the Nas\u00adsau\u00ader Volks\u00adblatt, published in Wies\u00adba\u00adden, clai\u00admed the day after the outra\u00adge: \u201cWhoe\u00adver wal\u00adked through the streets could hear how deep the anger sat in the peo\u00adp\u00adle over this nefa\u00adrious and vile act of Jewry.\u201d And fur\u00adther, \u201cIf dama\u00adge then occur\u00adred in some places, the Jews brought it on them\u00adsel\u00adves.\u201d The Tag\u00adblatt expres\u00adsed its\u00adelf in simi\u00adlar terms. It also avo\u00adided refe\u00adren\u00adces to the des\u00adtruc\u00adtion and sta\u00adted threa\u00adten\u00adin\u00adgly that the \u201cdama\u00adges\u201d were to be regard\u00aded \u201cas a remin\u00adder that could not be expres\u00adsed more forcefully.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1946, the main per\u00adpe\u00adtra\u00adtors of the Pogrom Night in Wies\u00adba\u00adden were brought to tri\u00adal, but were only mild\u00adly punis\u00adhed. Alt\u00adhough the law pro\u00advi\u00added for a sen\u00adtence of not less than ten years in pri\u00adson for aggrava\u00adted arson, only sen\u00adten\u00adces of bet\u00adween two and five years were imposed.<\/p>\n

Long befo\u00adre the Novem\u00adber pogroms, two Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews had been mur\u00adde\u00adred by Nazis: In April 1933, they kil\u00adled 39-year-old milk mer\u00adchant and SPD tre\u00adasurer Max Kas\u00adsel at Weber\u00adgas\u00adse 46 and 58-year-old mer\u00adchant Salo\u00admon Rosen\u00adstrauch at Wil\u00adhelm\u00adstras\u00adse 20. While Rosen\u00adstrauch suc\u00adcum\u00adbed to a heart attack as a result of an assault, Kas\u00adsel was shot with a pis\u00adtol. Alt\u00adhough the per\u00adpe\u00adtra\u00adtors were pro\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adted, they were punis\u00adhed very leniently.<\/p>\n

In the spring of 1938, the Jews of Wies\u00adba\u00adden had to decla\u00adre all their assets, and in Octo\u00adber 300 Polish Jews were depor\u00adted to Pol\u00adand. Almost all of them beca\u00adme vic\u00adtims of the Holocaust.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Simp\u00adle digni\u00adty: the inte\u00adri\u00ador of the Schier\u00adstein synagogue.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI F000-493)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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From Arson to Mass Depor\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon: The Start of the Machi\u00adnery of Genocide<\/h2>\n

On Janu\u00adary 20, 1942, the \u201cWann\u00adsee Con\u00adfe\u00adrence\u201d on the \u201cFinal Solu\u00adti\u00adon of the Jewish Ques\u00adti\u00adon\u201d took place in Ber\u00adlin. The Ger\u00adman Jews, who had been wit\u00adhout rights at least sin\u00adce the Nurem\u00adberg Laws of 1935, were to be depor\u00adted to Eas\u00adtern Euro\u00adpe and kil\u00adled the\u00adre. A first wave of arrests had alre\u00ada\u00addy sei\u00adzed Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews in Octo\u00adber 1938. On Octo\u00adber 17, Rab\u00adbi Paul Laza\u00adrus held his last ser\u00admon in the Michels\u00adberg syn\u00adago\u00adgue. Fore\u00adbo\u00addin\u00adgly, he said, \u201cThis time has taught us to say good\u00adbye.\u201d Laza\u00adrus was tem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00ada\u00adri\u00adly depor\u00adted to a con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp after the Novem\u00adber pogroms. In 1939, he fled to Nice and emi\u00adgra\u00adted from the\u00adre to Pal\u00ades\u00adti\u00adne. Impo\u00adve\u00adris\u00adhed, he died in Isra\u00adel in 1951. After the des\u00adtruc\u00adtion during the \u201cReichs\u00adkris\u00adtall\u00adnacht\u201d, the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty was allo\u00adwed to hold its ser\u00advices in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe for a while. Paul Laza\u00adrus\u2019 libra\u00adry of 1,700 volu\u00admes was given to the F\u00f6r\u00adder\u00adkreis Akti\u00adves Muse\u00adum deutsch-j\u00fcdi\u00ad\u00adscher Geschich\u00adte in Wies\u00adba\u00adden by his daugh\u00adters Eva and Han\u00adna in 1999.<\/p>\n

The mass depor\u00adta\u00adti\u00adons from Wies\u00adba\u00adden began on June 9, 1942, after which just under 600 Jews still lived in the city. In 1933, the\u00adre had still been about 2,800. Emi\u00adgra\u00adti\u00adon was no lon\u00adger pos\u00adsi\u00adble after Octo\u00adber 1, 1942. The last major depor\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon took place on Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 1, 1942. On a Satur\u00adday, Shab\u00adbath of all days, on August 29, about 370 Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews had to gather in the cour\u00adty\u00adard of the par\u00adti\u00adal\u00adly des\u00adtroy\u00aded syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe. They were allo\u00adwed to take only a small suit\u00adca\u00adse and a maxi\u00admum of 50 Reichs\u00admark with them. Their remai\u00adning assets had been con\u00adfis\u00adca\u00adted. In the syn\u00adago\u00adgue they had to spend a night of per\u00adple\u00adxi\u00adty and des\u00adpair. They had been told that they would be \u201choused tog\u00ade\u00adther out\u00adside the Old Reich\u201d. But had\u00adn\u2019t Hit\u00adler alre\u00ada\u00addy spo\u00adken of the \u201canni\u00adhi\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon of the Jewish race in Euro\u00adpe\u201d in 1939?<\/p>\n

From the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe, the main\u00adly elder\u00adly Jews moved on foot in the direc\u00adtion of the slaugh\u00adter\u00adhouse, whe\u00adre they were her\u00added tog\u00ade\u00adther at the catt\u00adle loa\u00adding ramp and then her\u00added into the wai\u00adting Reichs\u00adbahn rail\u00adroad cars. Like catt\u00adle, they were sent on the jour\u00adney to their deaths. Via Frank\u00adfurt am Main to The\u00adre\u00adsi\u00aden\u00adstadt and from the\u00adre to the lar\u00adge mur\u00adder fac\u00adto\u00adries in the East. They even had to pay for this trans\u00adport to death. Not many Wies\u00adba\u00adden resi\u00addents took care of the per\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adted. Almost 100 of Wiesbaden\u2019s Jews avo\u00adided depor\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon by com\u00admit\u00adting suicide.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Macab\u00adre regis\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: cour\u00adty\u00adard of the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe on August 29, 1942.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI, F.-Nr. 8666\/99)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Depar\u00adtu\u00adre to the mur\u00adder fac\u00adto\u00adry: ramp of the slaugh\u00adter\u00adhouse on August 30\/31, 1942.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: StadtA WI, F.-Nr. 8666\/122)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Docu\u00adment of des\u00adpair: fare\u00adwell let\u00adter from Mr. and Mrs. Spie\u00adgel to the Pre\u00addi\u00adger family.
\n(StadtA WI NL 75 Nr. 1013)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Tran\u00adscrip\u00adti\u00adon of the fare\u00adwell letter<\/h3>\n

Sun\u00adday 2.11.40<\/em><\/p>\n

My dear Rec\u00adtor family! *
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

With the\u00adse few lines my wife and I take lea\u00adve of you\u2014forever! I am wri\u00adting you the\u00adse lines becau\u00adse at the last hour the\u00adre are still so many things to be done, in time and with the ful\u00adlest con\u00adscious\u00adness and con\u00adsent of my wife. Yes\u00adter\u00adday, Novem\u00adber 1, my son was infor\u00admed by a priest fri\u00adend from Ett\u00adlin\u00adgen, who inqui\u00adred about his con\u00addi\u00adti\u00adon, that all non-Aryans the\u00adre would have had to lea\u00adve their homes within a few hours in order to be deported.<\/p>\n

We cer\u00adtain\u00adly belie\u00adve that soo\u00adner or later the same fate will reach us. For us old, rot\u00adten peo\u00adp\u00adle, such an over\u00adly ghast\u00adly banish\u00adment is equi\u00adva\u00adlent to death, so we pre\u00adfer a quick end. We thank you from the bot\u00adtom of our hearts for all your love and atten\u00adti\u00adon we enjoy\u00aded during our living tog\u00ade\u00adther. May Pro\u00advi\u00addence be always incli\u00adned to you only in the best sen\u00adse. In spi\u00adrit, I press all your hands with all my heart.<\/p>\n

August Spie\u00adgel and Ida Spiegel<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

*  Niko\u00adlaus Pre\u00addi\u00adger was a rec\u00adtor at Wies\u00adba\u00adden schools.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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A bould\u00ader bears their names: The for\u00adgot\u00adten fighters<\/h2>\n

Even their par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adti\u00adon in World War I (1914 \u2014 1918) did not save Ger\u00adman Jews from the gas cham\u00adbers. A total of 57 Jewish sol\u00addiers from Wiesbaden\u2014many of whom had been award\u00aded the Iron Cross\u2014lost their lives in the tren\u00adches of the Wes\u00adtern and Eas\u00adtern Fronts during this war. Mea\u00adsu\u00adred against the num\u00adber of about 2,000 Jewish Wies\u00adba\u00adde\u00adn\u00aders around the year 1914, this was even a dis\u00adpro\u00adpor\u00adtio\u00adna\u00adte\u00adly high blood toll among the Wies\u00adba\u00adden popu\u00adla\u00adti\u00adon. A com\u00adme\u00admo\u00adra\u00adti\u00adve plaque on a bould\u00ader in the Jewish Ceme\u00adtery in the Plat\u00adter Stras\u00adse com\u00adme\u00admo\u00adra\u00adtes the fallen.<\/p>\n

On May 22, 1921, the hono\u00adra\u00adry plaque was cere\u00admo\u00adnious\u00adly unvei\u00adled by Rab\u00adbi Paul Laza\u00adrus. He too had enlis\u00adted as a war vol\u00adun\u00adteer and field rab\u00adbi in 1916 and was on duty in Mace\u00addo\u00adnia. When the bells of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden churches rang out in August 1914, the Jews of Wies\u00adba\u00adden also pray\u00aded in the syn\u00adago\u00adgues for the vic\u00adto\u00adry of their fat\u00adher\u00adland. At the end of 1932, the Wies\u00adba\u00adden chap\u00adter of the Reichs\u00adbund J\u00fcdi\u00adscher Front\u00adsol\u00adda\u00adten still had 105 mem\u00adbers. After the trans\u00adfer of power to Hit\u00adler, they were spared for a while, but from 1936 on they were no lon\u00adger spared. They were for\u00adbidden any poli\u00adti\u00adcal acti\u00advi\u00adty and in 1938 the Reichs\u00adbund was dissolved.<\/p>\n

Names such as Karl Ham\u00adbur\u00adger (1891 \u2014 1915), Sig\u00admund Hel\u00adfer (1877 \u2014 1917) and Theo\u00addor Abra\u00adham (1880 \u2014 1918) are inscri\u00adbed on the hono\u00adra\u00adry plaque in the Jewish ceme\u00adtery. The fact that Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews were just as wil\u00adling as many others to sacri\u00adfice their lives for their fat\u00adher\u00adland in the First World War is hard\u00adly pre\u00adsent in the coll\u00adec\u00adti\u00adve memo\u00adry. Apart from the memo\u00adri\u00adal plaque at the Jewish ceme\u00adtery, not\u00adhing in the Wies\u00adba\u00adden city\u00adscape reminds us of their fate.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Hono\u00adra\u00adry plaque of the fal\u00adlen 1914\u20131918
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Pho\u00adto\u00adgrapher: Igor Eisenschtat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Vol\u00adun\u00adtee\u00adred: Field Rab\u00adbi Dr. Paul Lazarus
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Lothar Bem\u00adbe\u00adnek Collection)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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No quar\u00adter for legal scho\u00adlars: Jewish jurists<\/h2>\n

The fates of Jewish jurists, which Wies\u00adba\u00adden jurist and local his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adan Dr. Rolf Faber has rese\u00adar\u00adched and published in the series of publi\u00adca\u00adti\u00adons of the city archi\u00adve, are also moving and poignant. The\u00adre were seve\u00adral dozen Jewish jud\u00adges, sta\u00adte att\u00ador\u00adneys and lawy\u00aders in Wies\u00adba\u00adden during the Wei\u00admar Repu\u00adblic. Dr. Wil\u00adhelm Drey\u00ader (1882 \u2014 1938), who is men\u00adtio\u00adned here as a repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adve exam\u00adp\u00adle, was a judge at the Hig\u00adher Regio\u00adnal Court in Frank\u00adfurt am Main. He was shun\u00adted to the Wies\u00adba\u00adden Regio\u00adnal Court in 1933 and reti\u00adred in 1935. On Novem\u00adber 10, 1938, unsu\u00adspec\u00adtingly, he was orde\u00adred to report to poli\u00adce head\u00adquar\u00adters in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstras\u00adse. The\u00adre he was arres\u00adted and depor\u00adted to the Buchen\u00adwald con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp tog\u00ade\u00adther with other Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews. Drey\u00ader died on Novem\u00adber 25, only two weeks after his com\u00admit\u00adtal. He was one of 26,000 Jewish men arres\u00adted throug\u00adhout the Reich in accordance with the ins\u00adtruc\u00adtions of Rein\u00adhard Heyd\u00adrich, the head of the secu\u00adri\u00adty police.<\/p>\n

Wil\u00adhelm Drey\u00ader was not the only Wies\u00adba\u00adden resi\u00addent who\u00adse fami\u00adly had con\u00adver\u00adted from Juda\u00adism to Pro\u00adtes\u00adtan\u00adtism in the late 19th cen\u00adtu\u00adry. Drey\u00ader was also a sol\u00addier in World War I, with the rank of lieu\u00adten\u00adant. But neither his Pro\u00adtes\u00adtant faith nor his par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adti\u00adon in the war pro\u00adtec\u00adted him from being mur\u00adde\u00adred. His \u201ccrime\u201d was sole\u00adly that he belon\u00adged to the \u201cJewish race.\u201d<\/p>\n

The disen\u00adfran\u00adchise\u00adment of Jews after the Nazi \u201csei\u00adzu\u00adre of power\u201d took place in seve\u00adral stages: As ear\u00adly as April 1933, the \u201cLaw for the Res\u00adto\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of the Pro\u00adfes\u00adsio\u00adnal Civil Ser\u00advice\u201d crea\u00adted the basis for remo\u00adving poli\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly dis\u00adfa\u00advor\u00aded and Jewish civil ser\u00advants from the civil ser\u00advice. Accor\u00adding to the \u201cNurem\u00adberg Race Laws\u201d of 1935, no Jew was allo\u00adwed to hold public office any lon\u00adger; his citi\u00adzen\u00adship was prac\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly revo\u00adked. Juris\u00adpru\u00addence and the sepa\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of powers had been annul\u00adled in Ger\u00adma\u00adny any\u00adway. For in 1933 Hit\u00adler had declared hims\u00adelf the \u201csupre\u00adme ruler\u201d of the Ger\u00adman people.<\/p>\n

Humi\u00adlia\u00adti\u00adon and exclu\u00adsi\u00adon rea\u00adched a new level in 1941: From Sep\u00adtem\u00adber onwards, all Jews in the Reich and in the occu\u00adp\u00adied ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adries had to wear the \u201cStar of David\u201d. The Star of David, which had been visi\u00adble from afar on the dome of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden syn\u00adago\u00adgue sin\u00adce 1869, had beco\u00adme a stig\u00adma. Its bea\u00adrers were wit\u00adhout rights and dignity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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After the Libe\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon in 1945: The Star of David shi\u00adnes again in the city<\/h2>\n

During the time of Natio\u00adnal Socia\u00adlism, a crime of almost uni\u00adma\u00adgi\u00adnable dimen\u00adsi\u00adons was com\u00admit\u00adted against the Euro\u00adpean Jews, which only very few Jews survived.<\/p>\n

As ear\u00adly as 1945, the Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty in Wies\u00adba\u00adden began to form anew under the pro\u00adtec\u00adtion of the Ame\u00adri\u00adcans. In 1946, after much work of its own in rebuil\u00adding, it was able to con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adte the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe again.<\/p>\n

The initia\u00adtor of the reestab\u00adlish\u00adment of the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty was Clai\u00adre Gut\u00adh\u00admann, the widow of the lawy\u00ader Bert\u00adhold Gut\u00adh\u00admann, who had been mur\u00adde\u00adred in Ausch\u00adwitz. She and her daugh\u00adter Char\u00adlot\u00adte were the only mem\u00adbers of her fami\u00adly to sur\u00advi\u00adve the The\u00adre\u00adsi\u00aden\u00adstadt con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camp. Clai\u00adre Gut\u00adh\u00admann had retur\u00adned to Ger\u00adma\u00adny as a \u201cdis\u00adpla\u00adced per\u00adson\u201d and initi\u00adal\u00adly lived in a camp, but was soon assi\u00adgned a room in Wies\u00adba\u00adden. On July 21, 1945, the muni\u00adci\u00adpal \u201cCare Cen\u00adter for the Poli\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly, Raci\u00adal\u00adly and Reli\u00adgious\u00adly Per\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adted\u201d infor\u00admed the U.S. mili\u00adta\u00adry govern\u00adment about the reestab\u00adlish\u00adment of a Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. Clai\u00adre Gut\u00adh\u00admann was its first spo\u00adkes\u00adwo\u00adman and took care of the mem\u00adbers from the for\u00admer Jewish old people\u2019s home at Geis\u00adberg\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe 24. In 1946, Dr. Leon Frim from Lem\u00adberg beca\u00adme chair\u00adman of the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. Frim had sur\u00advi\u00adved the con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camps Ausch\u00adwitz and Buchen\u00adwald. Jakob Matz\u00adner was one of the co-foun\u00ad\u00adders of the Jewish Community.<\/p>\n

On Hanuk\u00adkah, Decem\u00adber 22, 1946, the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was rede\u00addi\u00adca\u00adted in a cere\u00admo\u00adni\u00adal act. Colo\u00adnel James R. New\u00adman, the man who had pro\u00adclai\u00admed Wies\u00adba\u00adden the capi\u00adtal of the new sta\u00adte of Hes\u00adse in 1945, spo\u00adke on behalf of the U.S. mili\u00adta\u00adry govern\u00adment. Mayor Hans Redl\u00adham\u00admer (CDU) par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adted on behalf of the city. The Ame\u00adri\u00adcan mili\u00adta\u00adry rab\u00adbi Wil\u00adliam Dalin lit the lights of the Hanuk\u00adkah can\u00adde\u00adlabrum. The only Torah scroll saved during the dese\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adon in Novem\u00adber 1938 retur\u00adned to Wies\u00adba\u00adden from its \u201cexi\u00adle\u201d in Switz\u00ader\u00adland on this day. With Cha\u00adim Hecht, the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty now had its own rab\u00adbi again.<\/p>\n

A rebuil\u00adding of the old syn\u00adago\u00adgue or the con\u00ads\u00adtruc\u00adtion of a new one on the Michels\u00adberg was first con\u00adside\u00adred, but then dropped.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Under the pro\u00adtec\u00adtion of the Ame\u00adri\u00adcans: Inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon of the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstras\u00adse Syn\u00adago\u00adgue in 1946.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wiesbaden)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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In the 1960s, the syn\u00adago\u00adgue in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstra\u00ad\u00dfe no lon\u00adger met the needs of the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty, which now deci\u00added to build a new one. The foun\u00adda\u00adti\u00adon stone was laid in 1965, and the syn\u00adago\u00adgue was con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adted in 1966. The sta\u00adte rab\u00adbi Dr. Isaak Emil Lich\u00adtig\u00adfeld was pre\u00adsent at its con\u00adse\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adon. Minis\u00adter Pre\u00adsi\u00addent Georg August Zinn (SPD) spo\u00adke on behalf of the sta\u00adte of Hes\u00adse, and Lord Mayor Georg Buch (SPD) con\u00adgra\u00adtu\u00adla\u00adted the con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon on behalf of the city of Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Buch hims\u00adelf had once been a pri\u00adsoner in the Hin\u00adzert and Sach\u00adsen\u00adhau\u00adsen con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camps.<\/p>\n

The modern buil\u00adding desi\u00adgned by archi\u00adtects Hel\u00admut Joos and Ignaz Jako\u00adby is cha\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adri\u00adzed by the win\u00addows of Wies\u00adba\u00adden sculp\u00adtor and glass desi\u00adgner Egon Alt\u00addorf. Blue, ruby red and gol\u00adden yel\u00adlow tones domi\u00adna\u00adte. Only the Bur\u00adning Bush shi\u00adnes in green. The colors chan\u00adge throug\u00adhout the day depen\u00adding on the expo\u00adsure to light. The pur\u00adple hues that appear at dusk dis\u00adap\u00adpear again the next day.<\/p>\n

You can find out more about the post-war histo\u00adry of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty in the online exhi\u00adbi\u00adti\u00adon: \u201cJewish Wies\u00adba\u00adden: Bet\u00adween a New Begin\u00adning, Con\u00adfi\u00addence and \u201cTar\u00adbut \u2014 Time for Jewish Cul\u00adtu\u00adre\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Cere\u00admo\u00adni\u00adal act with Sta\u00adte Rab\u00adbi Dr. Isaak Emil Lichtigfeld.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wiesbaden)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty in Tran\u00adsi\u00adti\u00adon: Immi\u00adgrants from the For\u00admer Soviet Union<\/h2>\n

In the ear\u00adly 1990s, the num\u00adber of com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty mem\u00adbers increased by leaps and bounds as emi\u00adgrants from the for\u00admer Soviet Uni\u00adon moved in. As a result, com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty life gai\u00adned a new dyna\u00admic. The pre\u00advious\u00adly some\u00adwhat age\u00ading con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon once again enjoy\u00aded many child\u00adren. The inte\u00adgra\u00adti\u00adon of the Rus\u00ad\u00adsi\u00adan-spea\u00adk\u00aders is giving the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty a lot of work, but Wiesbaden\u2019s com\u00admit\u00adment is con\u00adside\u00adred exem\u00adpla\u00adry throug\u00adhout the repu\u00adblic, not least thanks to the sup\u00adport of the Cen\u00adtral Wel\u00adfa\u00adre Office of Jews in Ger\u00adma\u00adny, based in Frank\u00adfurt. And, says Jacob Gut\u00admark, loo\u00adking at the new \u201cJews from the East\u201d in com\u00adpa\u00adri\u00adson with the inner con\u00adflict of Ger\u00adman and Eas\u00adtern Jews in the 1920s, \u201cThis time we must not fail, or soon the\u00adre will be no Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties left.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2023, Wiesbaden\u2019s Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty will have clo\u00adse to 850 mem\u00adbers. That makes it one of the fas\u00ad\u00adtest-gro\u00ad\u00adwing com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties in Hes\u00adse, after Kas\u00adsel and Offen\u00adbach. But the\u00adre are hard\u00adly any Ger\u00adman Jews left. The majo\u00adri\u00adty con\u00adsists of migrants. Quite a few of them have gone through con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon camps in seve\u00adral countries.<\/p>\n

Sin\u00adce then, tea\u00adching Jewish con\u00adtent and values to tho\u00adse who grew up in an athe\u00adi\u00adstic sta\u00adte has been one of the community\u2019s most distin\u00adgu\u00adis\u00adhed tasks. Today, two thirds of its mem\u00adbers come from count\u00adries of the for\u00admer Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

A social worker and an inte\u00adgra\u00adti\u00adon assistant take care not only of them, but also of well over two thousand fami\u00adly mem\u00adbers who are not mem\u00adbers of the Jewish Community.
\nTheir home\u00adland lies bet\u00adween the Gulf of Fin\u00adland and the Black Sea, which they left for Ger\u00adma\u00adny. Many are doc\u00adtors, artists, engi\u00adneers. Some did not speak a word of Ger\u00adman when they arri\u00adved, some only a few scraps of Yid\u00addish. But why are they emi\u00adgra\u00adting to Ger\u00adma\u00adny of all places? Dr. Jacob Gut\u00admark is often asked this ques\u00adti\u00adon. His ans\u00adwer: \u201cSin\u00adce the war, word has spread that you\u2019\u00adre no lon\u00adger per\u00adse\u00adcu\u00adted in Ger\u00adma\u00adny and that you can suc\u00adceed here.\u201d In Rus\u00adsia, on the other hand, the situa\u00adti\u00adon for Jews today is still quite dif\u00adfi\u00adcult in some places.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Solemn rite: the inser\u00adti\u00adon of the Torah scrolls at the inau\u00adgu\u00adra\u00adti\u00adon in 1966.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wiesbaden)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Atten\u00adti\u00adve guests: among them Lord Mayor Georg Buch (4th from the right in front).
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wiesbaden)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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With lear\u00adning cir\u00adcle and cul\u00adtu\u00adre club: Lively com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty life<\/h2>\n

The com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty cen\u00adter in the Fried\u00adrich\u00adstras\u00adse is a hive of com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty acti\u00advi\u00adty. Peo\u00adp\u00adle con\u00adti\u00adnue their edu\u00adca\u00adti\u00adon in reli\u00adgious topics, learn Ger\u00adman and Hebrew, part\u00adly in tan\u00addem cour\u00adses. Peo\u00adp\u00adle prac\u00adti\u00adce gym\u00adnastics and self-defen\u00ad\u00adse, play chess, table ten\u00adnis and bas\u00adket\u00adball in the TuS Mak\u00adka\u00adbi Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Sta\u00ad\u00adte-reco\u00ad\u00adg\u00adni\u00ad\u00adzed reli\u00adgious ins\u00adtruc\u00adtion is given from the first gra\u00adde of ele\u00admen\u00adta\u00adry school through high school gra\u00addua\u00adti\u00adon. Peo\u00adp\u00adle meet for lear\u00adning in the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty cen\u00adter, in the Tom Salus lear\u00adning cir\u00adcle and in the cul\u00adtu\u00adre club. The\u00adre is swim\u00adming for seni\u00ador citi\u00adzens and a \u201cmee\u00adting place\u201d for Holo\u00adcaust sur\u00advi\u00advors. More than a hundred vol\u00adun\u00adteers actively par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adte in com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty life. Ani\u00adta Lip\u00adpert, n\u00e9e Fried, born in 1931, is the last mem\u00adber of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon who had visi\u00adted the Jewish school in the Main\u00adzer Stra\u00ad\u00dfe and was later trans\u00adpor\u00adted from the slaugh\u00adter\u00adhouse ramp to Theresienstadt.<\/p>\n

The congregation\u2019s \u201cMit\u00adtei\u00adlungs\u00adblatt\u201d is published regularly\u2014in Ger\u00adman and part\u00adly in Russian\u2014with con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adti\u00adons of all kinds. Among the important rites is the ser\u00advice on Shab\u00adbath, the seventh day on which God res\u00adted after the crea\u00adti\u00adon of the world. The ser\u00advice is fol\u00adlo\u00adwed by a fes\u00adti\u00adve meal tog\u00ade\u00adther. But all other Jewish holi\u00addays are also cele\u00adbra\u00adted here.<\/p>\n

The Wies\u00adba\u00adden syn\u00adago\u00adgue is also visi\u00adted by Chris\u00adti\u00adan com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adties for infor\u00adma\u00adti\u00adon, espe\u00adci\u00adal\u00adly school clas\u00adses. The\u00adre are over 80 groups of visi\u00adtors a year. The Jewish com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty sees its\u00adelf as a uni\u00adfied com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty and the legal and moral suc\u00adces\u00adsor to the pre-war com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. It cele\u00adbra\u00adtes its ser\u00advices accor\u00adding to the Ortho\u00addox rite. The \u201clibe\u00adrals\u201d can also par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adte in it. Con\u00adver\u00adse\u00adly, howe\u00adver, the Ortho\u00addox would never par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00adte in a libe\u00adral service.<\/p>\n

For\u00admer Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews and their des\u00adcen\u00addants now live scat\u00adte\u00adred across all con\u00adti\u00adnents. Sin\u00adce the 1970s, they have been regu\u00adlar\u00adly invi\u00adted by the sta\u00adte capi\u00adtal Wies\u00adba\u00adden to visit. The Acti\u00adve Muse\u00adum Spie\u00adgel\u00adgas\u00adse for Ger\u00ad\u00adman-Jewish Histo\u00adry in Wies\u00adba\u00adden (AMS) also main\u00adta\u00adins inten\u00adsi\u00adve cont\u00adacts with num\u00ade\u00adrous Wies\u00adba\u00adden Jews and their fami\u00adlies living abroad, not least in order to rese\u00adarch their bio\u00adgra\u00adphies, but abo\u00adve all the bio\u00adgra\u00adphies of tho\u00adse who were once murdered.<\/p>\n

For a long time, over a quar\u00adter of a cen\u00adtu\u00adry, Can\u00adtor Avigdor Zuker shaped the life of the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty. Most recent\u00adly, he also taught at the Hoch\u00adschu\u00adle f\u00fcr J\u00fcdi\u00adsche Stu\u00addi\u00aden (Col\u00adlege of Jewish Stu\u00addies) in Hei\u00addel\u00adberg. Sin\u00adce 2000, Avra\u00adham Zeev Nuss\u00adbaum has been can\u00adtor, and sin\u00adce 2004, after recei\u00adving fur\u00adther trai\u00adning in Jeru\u00adsa\u00adlem, can\u00adtor and rab\u00adbi of the con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon. Sin\u00adce the ear\u00adly 1980s, Dr. Jacob Gut\u00admark, born in 1938, has been a mem\u00adber of the four-mem\u00ad\u00adber board. He gives the con\u00adgre\u00adga\u00adti\u00adon a face in the city and lends it weight. Gut\u00admark looks after inter\u00adnal mat\u00adters, cul\u00adtu\u00adre and reli\u00adgi\u00adon, as well as repre\u00adsen\u00adting the community\u2019s inte\u00adrests in terms of repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adti\u00adon and con\u00adtent. Sin\u00adce 2007, the\u00adre has been a city con\u00adtract bet\u00adween the sta\u00adte capi\u00adtal and the Jewish community.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Con\u00adcert as part of the event series \u201cTar\u00adbut \u2014 Time for Jewish Cul\u00adtu\u00adre\u201d at the Kulturforum.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Pho\u00adto\u00adgrapher: Igor Eisenschtat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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The Wies\u00adba\u00adden Synagogue
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Pho\u00adto\u00adgrapher: Igor Eisenschtat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Today, the com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty is pre\u00adsent in the city life in many ways. Sin\u00adce 2008, it has orga\u00adni\u00adzed the event series \u201cTarbut\u2014Time for Jewish Cul\u00adtu\u00adre\u201d<\/a> with a wide ran\u00adge of offe\u00adrings, from a per\u00adfor\u00admance by an Israe\u00adli youth brass orches\u00adtra from Wiesbaden\u2019s part\u00adner city Kfar Saba in Isra\u00adel to Israe\u00adli films at the Cali\u00adga\u00adri, lite\u00adra\u00adry rea\u00addings at the Vil\u00adla Cle\u00admen\u00adti\u00adne, and an exhi\u00adbi\u00adti\u00adon on various topics at the city hall.<\/p>\n

In 2020, the Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden was award\u00aded the \u201cPri\u00adze for the Pro\u00admo\u00adti\u00adon of Cul\u00adtu\u00adral Life\u201d, the Cul\u00adtu\u00adral Pri\u00adze<\/a> of the sta\u00adte capi\u00adtal Wies\u00adba\u00adden for its series of events.<\/p>\n

In 2013, the Jewish Tea\u00adching House (\u201cJ\u00fcdi\u00adsches Lehr\u00adhaus\u201d)<\/a> was also new\u00adly foun\u00added. It offers events on various aspects of Jewish cul\u00adtu\u00adre and iden\u00adti\u00adty, imparts Jewish know\u00adledge and addres\u00adses his\u00adto\u00adri\u00adcal topics.<\/p>\n

The Jewish Community\u2019s char\u00adter sta\u00adtes that child\u00adren and young peo\u00adp\u00adle are to be edu\u00adca\u00adted reli\u00adgious\u00adly and cul\u00adtu\u00adral\u00adly and \u201cin love for the Jewish people.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sin\u00adce 2006, Ste\u00adve Land\u00adau has been the exe\u00adcu\u00adti\u00adve direc\u00adtor respon\u00adsi\u00adble for the community\u2019s ope\u00adra\u00adti\u00adons. He is also the direc\u00adtor of the Jewish Tea\u00adching House.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Ope\u00adning of the event series \u201cTar\u00adbut \u2014 Time for Jewish Cul\u00adtu\u00adre\u201d in the year 2019 in the Gre\u00adat Fes\u00adti\u00adval Hall of the Wies\u00adba\u00adden City Hall.
\n(Illus\u00adtra\u00adti\u00adon: Jewish Com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adty Wies\u00adba\u00adden. Pho\u00adto\u00adgrapher: Igor Eisenschtat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

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Pre\u00advious chapter<\/div>
Gree\u00adting by Dr. Hel\u00admut M\u00fcller<\/span><\/div><\/a>
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Next chap\u00adter<\/div>
In search of the lost names<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div>
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Gree\u00adting by Dr. Hel\u00admut M\u00fcller<\/span><\/div><\/a>
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In search of the lost names<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"By Man\u00adfred Ger\u00adber Sple\u00adndor and mise\u00adry of the Star of David Out\u00adline of Wiesbaden\u2019s Jewish histo\u00adry Pro\u00adtec\u00adtion money and limi\u00adt\u00aded rights: The pre\u00adhisto\u00adry Jews may have lived in Aquae Mat\u00adti\u00ada\u00adcorum, anci\u00adent Wies\u00adba\u00adden, alre\u00ada\u00addy in Roman times. The first Jew, named Kir\u00adsan, is men\u00adtio\u00adned in docu\u00adments from 1385. Later, it was always only indi\u00advi\u00addu\u00adal Jews who lived\u2026","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1141,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1140"}],"version-history":[{"count":102,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3838,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140\/revisions\/3838"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.michelsberg-wiesbaden.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}